Spatial analysis for risk assessment of dengue in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: The establishment of Aedes albopictus in new areas in Europe has changed the risk of local dengue transmission represented by imported human cases. The risk of transmission is determined by the distribution of travelers arriving from dengue-endemic areas and the distribution of Ae. albopictus as potential vectors of dengue in Spain. METHODS: Environmental, entomological, epidemiological, demographic, tourism and travel data were analyzed to produce a series of maps to represent: the distribution of Ae. albopictus across municipalities; the risk of expansion of Ae. albopictus based on a species distribution model; the calculated index of travelers from dengue-endemic areas (IDVZE) per province; the percentage contribution of each municipality to the total number of cases in Spain. The maps were then added using map algebra, to profile the spatial risk of autochthonous dengue in Spain at a municipal level from 2016 to 2018. RESULTS: Ae. albopictus was detected in 983 municipalities. The calculated IDVZE varied from 0.23 to 10.38, with the highest IDVZE observed in Madrid. The overall risk of autochthonous cases oscillated between 0.234 and 115, with the very high risk and high risk areas detected in the Mediterranean region, mainly in the Levantine coast and some parts of the Balearic Islands. Most of the interior of the peninsula was characterized as low risk. CONCLUSION: Prevention and control measures to mitigate the risk of autochthonous dengue should be prioritized for municipalities in the high risk areas integrating early detection of imported dengue cases and vector control.

Estimates of mpox effective reproduction number in Spain, April-August 2022.

We analysed the transmission of the human mpox virus in Spain by estimating the effective reproduction number of the disease from official surveillance data. Our computations show that this decreased steadily after an initial burst phase, dropping below 1 on July 12, and thus the outbreak was expected to reduce in the following weeks. Differences in trends were found across geographical regions of the country and across MSM and heterosexual populations.

Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in nine fields of activity to decrease SARS-CoV-2 transmission (Spain, September 2020-May 2021).

Background: We estimated the association between the level of restriction in nine different fields of activity and SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility in Spain, from 15 September 2020 to 9 May 2021. Methods: A stringency index (0-1) was created for each Spanish province (n = 50) daily. A hierarchical multiplicative model was fitted. The median of coefficients across provinces (95% bootstrap confidence intervals) quantified the effect of increasing one standard deviation in the stringency index over the logarithmic return of the weekly percentage variation of the 7-days SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence, lagged 12 days. Results: Overall, increasing restrictions reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission by 22% (RR = 0.78; one-sided 95%CI: 0, 0.82) in 1 week, with highest effects for culture and leisure 14% (0.86; 0, 0.98), social distancing 13% (0.87; 0, 0.95), indoor restaurants 10% (0.90; 0, 0.95) and indoor sports 6% (0.94; 0, 0.98). In a reduced model with seven fields, culture and leisure no longer had a significant effect while ceremonies decreased transmission by 5% (0.95; 0, 0.96). Models R 2 was around 70%. Conclusion: Increased restrictions decreased COVID-19 transmission. Limitations include remaining collinearity between fields, and somewhat artificial quantification of qualitative restrictions, so the exact attribution of the effect to specific areas must be done with caution.

Effectiveness of a Second Dose of an mRNA Vaccine Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron Infection in Individuals Previously Infected by Other Variants.

BACKGROUND: Single-dose vaccination was widely recommended in the pre-Omicron era for persons with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The effectiveness of a second vaccine dose in this group in the Omicron era is unknown. METHODS: We linked nationwide population registries in Spain to identify community-dwelling individuals aged 18-64, with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test before single-dose mRNA vaccination (mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2). Every day between 3 January and 6 February 2022 we matched 1:1 individuals receiving a second mRNA vaccine dose and controls on sex, age, province, first dose type and time, month of primary infection, and number of previous tests. We then estimated Kaplan-Meier risks of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. We performed a similar analysis in a Delta-dominant period, between 19 July and 30 November 2021. RESULTS: In the Omicron period, estimated effectiveness (95% CI) of a second dose was 62.2% (58.2-66.4%) 7-34 days after administration, similar across groups defined by age, sex, type of first vaccine, and time since the first dose. Estimated effectiveness was 65.4% (61.1-69.9%) for mRNA-1273 and 52.0% (41.8-63.1%) for BNT162b2. Estimated effectiveness was 78.5% (67.4-89.9%), 66.1% (54.9-77.5%), and 60.2% (55.5-64.8%) when primary infection had occurred in the Delta, Alpha, and pre-Alpha periods, respectively. In the Delta period, the estimated effectiveness of a second dose was 8.8% (-55.3% to 81.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that, over 1 month after administration, a second dose of mRNA vaccine increases protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with the Omicron variant among individuals with single-dose vaccination and previously infected with another variant.

Vascular Neonatal Thymus Transplantation in Rabbits.

BACKGROUND: Successful vascular adult thymus transplant has been reported in different animal models but not in rabbits. These animal models are slightly larger than the murine and substantially smaller than the porcine. We describe in rabbits a supermicrosurgical technique for vascular neonatal thymus transplant and provide histologic evidence of tissue viability. METHODS: Newborn (New Zealand, n = 12, 6 female) and adult (New Zealand, n = 12, 6 female) rabbits were used as donors and recipients, respectively. Whole thymuses were extracted from donors and grafted into recipients. Immediate direct vascularization was accomplished by anastomosis to the right common carotid artery and the right external vena cava. At day 14, graft sites were surgically explored, and grafted thymuses were explanted for histologic evaluation. All recipients were followed over 2 weeks for clinical signs of graft-vs-host reaction. RESULTS: The vascular pedicles of the thymus grafts ranged 0.5 to 0.8 mm in vessel diameter. From the 12 transplants, 3 recipients (3/12; 25%) died during the surgical procedure because of blood loss after clamp release. On histology, from the 9 (9/12; 75%) successful at revascularization, none (0/9; 0%) had signs of acute rejection or necrosis, and all (9/9; 100%) evidenced normal cytoarchitecture. No clinical signs of graft-vs-host reaction were evidenced during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular neonatal thymus transplant in rabbits is surgically feasible. This technique will enable a novel approach for studying the biology of the thymus.

[Effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 used in Spain: infection, hospitalization and mortality in people aged fifty/fifty-nine.] / Efectividad de las vacunas frente a SARS-CoV-2 utilizadas en España: infección, hospitalización y mortalidad en personas de cincuenta a cincuenta y nueve años.

In this paper we compared brand-specific COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) during August 2021 in persons born 1962-1971 and vaccinated during June. For SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic infection, protection was lower for Janssen (56%; CI95%: 53-59) or AstraZeneca [Vaxzevria] (68%; CI95%: 65-70), compared to Pfizer-BioNTech [Comirnaty] (78%; CI95%: 77-78), AstraZeneca/Pfizer (86%; CI95%: 80-90) or Moderna [Spikevax] (89%; CI95%: 88-90). VE against hospitalization was ranged 86% for Janssen to 97%-98% for other vaccines.

En este trabajo se comparó la efectividad de la vacuna contra la COVID-19 (EV) durante agosto de 2021, en personas nacidas entre 1962 y 1971 y vacunadas durante junio, según la marca utilizada. La protección frente a infección por SARS-CoV-2 sintomática fue menor para la vacuna de Janssen (56%; IC95%: 53-59) y AstraZeneca [Vaxzevria] (68%; IC95%: 65-70), en comparación con Pfizer [Comirnaty] (78%; IC95%: 77-78), AZ/Pfizer (86%; IC95%: 80-90) y Moderna [Spikevax] (89%; IC95%: 88-90). La EV contra la hospitalización osciló entre el 86% de Janssen y el 97%-98% de las demás vacunas.

Efectividad de las vacunas frente aSARS-CoV-2 utilizadas en España: infección, hospitalización y mortalidaden personas de cincuenta a cincuentay nueve años / Effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 used in Spain: infection, hospitalization and mortality in people aged fifty/fifty-nine

En este trabajo se comparó la efectividad de la vacuna contra la COVID-19 (EV) durante agosto de 2021, en personas nacidas entre 1962y 1971 y vacunadas durante junio, según la marca utilizada. La protección frente a infección por SARS-CoV-2 sintomática fue menorpara la vacuna de Janssen (56%; IC95%: 53-59) y AstraZeneca [Vaxzevria] (68%; IC95%: 65-70), en comparación con Pfizer [Comir-naty] (78%; IC95%: 77-78), AZ/Pfizer (86%; IC95%: 80-90) y Moderna [Spikevax] (89%; IC95%: 88-90). La EV contra la hospitalizaciónosciló entre el 86% de Janssen y el 97%-98% de las demás vacunas.(AU)

In this paper we compared brand-specific COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) during August 2021 in persons born 1962-1971 and vaccina-ted during June. For SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic infection, protection was lower for Janssen (56%; CI95%: 53-59) or AstraZeneca [Vaxzevria](68%; CI95%: 65-70), compared to Pfizer-BioNTech [Comirnaty] (78%; CI95%: 77-78), AstraZeneca/Pfizer (86%; CI95%: 80-90) or Moderna[Spikevax] (89%; CI95%: 88-90). VE against hospitalization was ranged 86% for Janssen to 97%-98% for other vaccines

Direct and Indirect Effectiveness of mRNA Vaccination against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Long-Term Care Facilities, Spain.

We conducted a registries-based cohort study of long-term care facility residents >65 years of age offered vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 before March 10, 2021, in Spain. Risk for infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated persons was compared with risk in the same persons in a period before the vaccination campaign, adjusted by daily-varying incidence and reproduction number. We selected 299,209 persons; 99.0% had >1 dose, 92.6% had 2 doses, and 99.8% of vaccines were Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2). For vaccinated persons with no previous infection, vaccine effectiveness was 81.8% (95% CI 81.0%-82.7%), and 11.6 (95% CI 11.3-11.9) cases were prevented per 10,000 vaccinated/day. In those with previous infection, effectiveness was 56.8% (95% CI 47.1%-67.7%). In nonvaccinated residents with no previous infection, risk decreased by up to 81.4% (95% CI 73.3%-90.3%). Our results confirm vaccine effectiveness in this population and suggest indirect protection in nonvaccinated persons.

Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths in elderly long-term care facility residents, Spain, weeks 53 2020 to 13 2021.

Residents in long-term care facilities (LTCF) experienced a large morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain and were prioritised for early COVID-19 vaccination. We used the screening method and population-based data sources to obtain estimates of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness for elderly LTCF residents. The estimates were 71% (95% CI: 56-82%), 88% (95% CI: 75-95%), and 97% (95% CI: 92-99%), against SARS-CoV-2 infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic), and COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths, respectively.

Widespread Detection of Multiple Strains of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Spain.

Human cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) were first detected in Spain in 2016. National human and animal health authorities organized a large, multidisciplinary study focusing on ticks as sentinels to determine the nationwide distribution of ticks with CCHF virus. Ticks were collected from animals and vegetation, samples pooled (12,584 ticks; 4,556 pools), and molecular methods used to look for the virus. We detected the virus in 135 pools from most of the regions studied, indicating that it is widespread in Spain. We found sequences of CCHF virus genotypes I, III, and IV in the tick species collected, most commonly in Hyalomma lusitanicum, suggesting this tick has a prominent role in the virus's natural cycle. The red deer (Cervus elaphus) was the host that most frequently yielded positive ticks. Our study highlights the need for larger studies in Spain to ascertain the complete risk to public health.

Effects of mercury on the germination and growth of Quercus ilex L. seedlings.

While it is well-known that the toxicity of mercury for plants is related to its bioavailability in the environment in which the plant lives, few studies have addressed Hg effects under controlled conditions of life-limiting available Hg concentrations. This study examines the effects of Hg on the holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) exposed to medium-high available Hg concentrations. Holm oak seeds were sown in a perlite substrate and grown in the presence of a nutrient solution containing 0, 5, 25, or 50 µM Hg. The variables determined as outcome measures were impacts on germination, growth, and nutrient accumulation along with Hg concentration in leaves, stems, and roots at different growth stages. Our findings suggest no overall detrimental effects of the metal on germination, nutrient accumulation, and plant growth, although root morphology was clearly modified. Mercury accumulation in the plant varied according to time, organ, Hg treatment dose, and plant growth stage. When comparing Hg build-up in the different organs, highest concentrations of the metal were detected in the roots, followed by the leaves and stems. The Hg accumulation pattern was positively correlated with time and Hg dose, whereas negative correlation was observed with growth stage. The impacts of all these factors on Hg accumulation were not additive pointing to interesting interaction effects that should be explored in future work.

Mercury species accumulation and distribution in Typha domingensis under real field conditions (Almadén, Spain).

Monomethylmercury (MeHg) is one of the most toxic and the most commonly occurring organomercury compound and the wetlands are one of the main areas of generation of this Hg form. Concretely, it is in the macrophyte root system where better conditions are given for its generation. However, the knowledge of absorption and subsequent distribution of mercury (Hg) and monomethylmercury in aquatic plants is still limited. Mercury mining district such as Almadén (Ciudad Real, Spain) is a natural laboratory where different rivers flow and the species Typha domingensis Pers. is a common macrophyte which grows in their riverbanks. The aim of the present work is to apply a recently developed method specially designed to analyze Hg species in plant tissues to the different fractions of T. domingensis under real field conditions and to study the accumulation and distribution of Hg species (inorganic Hg and MeHg) within the plant. The results proved that whatever Hg species has preference to be accumulated in the belowground fractions and demonstrated a high efficiency in the accumulation of MeHg.

Fast method for the simultaneous determination of monomethylmercury and inorganic mercury in rice and aquatic plants.

Recent investigations revealed that monomethylmercury (MMHg) can be absorbed and accumulated by plants, i.e. rice crops, thus becoming an important route of human exposure to MMHg through diet. The increasing concern about this fact makes that appropriate analytical methods for Hg speciation in these samples are urgently required. Therefore, the aim of this work has been the development of a fast and sensitive method which enables the simultaneous determination of MMHg and inorganic Hg in rice and aquatic plants. The proposed methodology is based on the extraction of Hg species by closed-vessel microwave heating, subsequent derivatization by ethylation and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to atomic fluorescence detection via pyrolysis (GC-pyro-AFS). A careful optimization of the extraction, using both acid (6N HNO3) and alkaline (tetramethylammonium hydroxide, TMAH) extractants, and derivatization conditions has been carried out. Spiked and unspiked aquatic plants (Typha domingensis) and CRMs certified for Total-Hg (BCR-60, BCR-482 and NCS ZC73027, corresponding to aquatic plant, lichen and rice, respectively) have been used. Under the final optimized conditions the simultaneous determination of MMHg and inorganic Hg can be carried out in less than 40min with no tedious clean-up steps. Quantitative recoveries (from 92% to 101%) were obtained in aquatic plants (Typha domingensis) and CRMs spiked with known concentrations of MMHg. For unspiked BCR-60 and BCR-482, no statistically significant differences (p=0.05) were found in Total-Hg concentrations between those obtained by the sum of species and the certified values for both acid and alkaline extraction. For the analysis of low Hg polluted samples, an additional preconcentration step by evaporation under nitrogen stream was required but adequate blanks were only obtained for acid extraction. Detection limits in the low ng/g range (0.7-1.0ng/g) were consequently achieved for both Hg species in the case of acid extraction and the analysis of NCS ZC73027 gave satisfactory results without statistically significant differences between the found and certified values (p = 0.05).

Cultivation of Solanum tuberosum in a former mining district for a safe human consumption integrating simulated digestion.

BACKGROUND: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a global crop and by far the most important non-cereal crop in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to assure its safe consumption. This is especially relevant in the case of its cultivation in abandoned mining areas, where the population tends to return to agriculture. In the present work, the objective is to evaluate the contribution to the diet of nutrients and contaminants of potato grown in soils from the Almadén area (mining district) by studying the intestinal absorption (in vitro) of the tuber, taking into account the preparation methods for its consumption. RESULTS: The results of contaminant and nutrient contents show that the potato peel retains significantly more elements (mainly in the case of toxic elements) than the flesh. Furthermore, potato (peel and flesh) is a good source of iron. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to boil potatoes with the peel in order to minimize nutrient loss and, before consumption, peeling them to eliminate possible risks due to contaminants. In addition, to minimize the risk due of mercury and to improve the levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, it is recommended to add salt during the boiling process. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nivel de influencia de la televisión en la preferencia por alimentos energéticamente densos en niños de 9 a 12 años de nivel económico medio y bajo de la ciudad de Guatemala / Level of influence of television in preference for energy dense foods in children aged 9 to 12 years of average and low economic level from Guatemala City / Nível de influência da televisão na preferência por alimentos energeticamente densos, em crianças de 9 a 12 anos com nível econômico médio e baixo da cidade de Guatemala

Se considera que la publicidad televisiva es el medio de comunicación con mayor influencia en las preferencias de consumo de alimentos energéticamente densos contribuyendo a la aparición de la obesidad en edades tempranas. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de influencia de la publicidad televisiva sobre las decisiones o preferencias para consumir alimentos energéticamente densos en niños de edad escolar de nivel económico medio y bajo de la ciudad de Guatemala. Metodología: Investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva transversal, realizada en la Ciudad de Guatemala. El estudio se realizó con niños y niñas pertenecientes a establecimientos educativos públicos y privados. Se relaciona el Índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la Desviación Estándar (DE). Con un estado nutricional normal (IMC +1DE y -2DS), con sobre peso (IMC >de +1DS) u obesidad. Se seleccionaron 303 niños y niñas que se encontraban en el intervalo de edad de 9 a 12 años; se seleccionaron en jornada matutina y los que contaban con la disposición y consentimiento del establecimiento y los padres o tutores para realizar las encuestas. El estudio se realizó en varias fases: 1. Diseño de instrumentos de recolección de datos 2. Validación del instrumento con 6 niños pertenecientes a establecimientos educativos privados y 6 niños de establecimientos públicos. 3. Se pesó y midió a los niños y niñas para seleccionar la muestra 4. Aplicación de la entrevista a 303 niños y niñas. Selección de la información. Los resultados de la entrevista se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Se ha realizado estudios anteriores para determinar el nivel de influencia de la publicidad como por ejemplo de la radio en las preferencias de alimentos energéticamente densos en niños y niñas de establecimientos educativos de nivel económico medio y bajo, realizado en la Universidad Rafael Landívar por KM Barahona Escobar. Resultados: El Nivel socio-económico (NSE), medio tuvo veinte puntos porcentuales más de obesidad y sobrepeso que el NSE bajo. En el NSE medio y en NSE bajo coincidieron en observar los mismos cuatro canales, los cuales fueron Disney Channel (15.1%), Disney XD (14.8%), Cartoon Network (13.9%), y Nickelodeon (13.5%) Existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa del nivel de influencia de los anuncios entre los niveles socioeconómicos, siendo en el NSE Medio en donde existe más influencia de la publicidad televisiva. En la televisión nacional el 60% de alimentos que se anuncian son ultraprocesados y en la televisión por cable, el 83% también pertenece a este grupo de alimentos. No hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la asociación del nivel de influencia y IMC. No existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto al nivel de influencia televisiva según el sexo. Conclusiones: Se observó que las preferencias alimentarias de los niños y niñas de edad escolar, son influenciadas por la publicidad televisiva y este nivel de influencia no varió según estado nutricional y entre niños y niñas, pero sí en cuanto al nivel socioeconómico de la población evaluada

The authors considere that the television publicity is the means of communication with more influence in the preferences of consumption of foods energily dense, contributing to the appearance of the obesity in early ages. Objective: to determine the level of influence of the television publicity on the decisions or preferences to consume foods energily dense in children of school age of half and low economic level of the city of Guatemala. Methodology: Transversal descriptive ,quantitative investigation carried out in the City of Guatemala. The study was carried out with children and girls belonging to educational publics and private establishments, it is related the Index of corporal mass (IMC) and the Standard Deviation (OF). With a normal nutritional state (IMC +1DE and -2DS), with overweight (IMC >de +1DS or obesity, 303 children and girls were selected that were in the age interval from 9 to 12 years, they were selected in morning day and those that had the disposition and consent of the establishment and the parents or tutors to carry out the surveys. The study was carried out in several phases: 1. design of instruments of gathering of data 2. Validation of the instrument with 6 children belonging to private educational establishments and 6 children of public establishments. 3. it was weighed and it measured the children and girls to select the sample 4. Application of the interview to 303 children and girls. Selection of the information. The results of the interview were analyzed with descriptive statistic. It has been carried out previous studies to determine the level of influence of the publicity like for example of the radio in the preferences of foods energily dense in children and girls of educational establishments of half and low economic level, carried out by the University Rafael Landívar, by KM Barahona Escobar. Results: The socio-economic Level (NSE), middle had twenty percentage points more than obesity and overweight that the low NSE. In the half NSE and in NSE under it coincided in observing the same four channels, which were Disney Channel (15.1%), Disney XD (14.8%), Cartoon Network (13.9%), and Nickelodeon (13.5%). There is a difference statistically significant of the level of influence of the announcements among the socioeconomic levels, being in the Half NSE where more influence of the television publicity exists. In national television 60% of foods that are announced is extraprocessing and in television for cable, 83% also belongs to this group of foods. There is not difference statistically significant between the association of the influence level and the Index of Corporal mass (IMC). There is not diference statistically significant for the level of television influence according to the sex. Conclusions: It was observed that the alimentary preferences of the children and girls of school age, it is influenced by the television publicity and this influence level didn't vary according to nutritional state and between children and girls, but it varied according to the population's socioeconomic level evaluated

Considera-se que a publicidade na televisão seja o meio de comunicação com maior influência nas preferências de consumo de alimentos energeticamente densos, contribuindo para o aparecimento de obesidade em idade precoce. Objetivo: determinar o nível de influência da publicidade televisiva sobre as decisões ou preferências para consumir alimentos energeticamente densos, nas crianças em idade escolar de nível médio e baixo da Cidade de Guatemala. Metodologia: pesquisa quantitativa descritiva transversal, realizada na Cidade de Guatemala. O estudo foi realizado com crianças pertencentes a instituições de ensino públicas e particulares. Relacionou índice de massa corporal (IMC) e desvio padrão (DE), em estado nutricional normal (IMC +1DE e -2DS), e com sobrepeso (IMC > de +1DS) ou obesidade. Foram selecionadas 303 crianças, meninos e meninas, que se encontravam no intervalo de idade entre 9 e 12 anos, do turno matutino, e que contavam com a disposição e consentimento da instituição e/ou pais ou responsáveis para realizar os questionários. O estudo foi realizado em várias fases: 1)Desenho dos instrumentos de coleta de dados 2) Validação do instrumento com seis meninos pertencentes a colégios particulares e seis meninos de colégios públicos 3) As crianças foram pesadas e medidas para selecionar a amostra 4) Aplicação da entrevista a 303 meninos e meninas. Seleção da informação. Os resultados da entrevista foram analisados com estatística descritiva. Anteriormente, já tinham sido realizados estudos para determinar o nível de influência da publicidade, por exemplo, das emissoras de rádio, nas preferências por alimentos energeticamente densos, em crianças de instituições de ensino de nível econômico médio e baixo, trabalho conduzido por KM Barahona Escobar, da Universidad Rafael Landívar. Resultados: o nível socioeconômico (NSE) médio mostrou 20 pontos percentuais a mais de obesidade e sobrepeso que o NSE baixo. Coincidiu que tanto o NSE médio como o baixo assistiam aos mesmos quatro canais, que eram: Disney Channel (15,1%); Disney XD (14,8%); Cartoon Network (13,9%), e Nickelodeon (13,5%). Há diferença estatisticamente significativa no nível de influência dos anúncios entre esses dois níveis socioeconómicos, sendo que no NSE médio é onde existe maior influência da publicidade televisiva. Na televisão aberta do país, 60% dos alimentos anunciados é ultraprocessado, e na televisão a cabo, 83% também pertence a este grupo de alimentos. Não há diferença estatisticamente significativa da associação entre nível de influência e IMC. Não há diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto ao nível de influência televisiva segundo o sexo. Conclusões: observou-se que as preferências alimentares dos meninos e meninas em idade escolar são influenciadas pela publicidade televisiva e que este nível de influência não varia segundo o estado nutricional ou sexo, mas conforme o nível socioeconômico da população avaliada

La vigilancia en España 3 años después de la entrada en vigor de la Ley General de Salud Pública / Surveillance in Spain 3 years since the enactment of the Public Health Law

En 2014, el Grupo de Trabajo de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Sociedad Española de Epidemiología llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo con el fin de evaluar el desarrollo de la Ley General de Salud Pública, promulgada en España en 2011. Se remitió una encuesta a las 19 comunidades y ciudades autónomas para evaluar la existencia de sistemas de información y otros aspectos de los distintos apartados de vigilancia incluidos en la ley. Todas disponían de un sistema de información para enfermedades transmisibles y en seis para condicionantes sociales; 18 vigilaban al menos una enfermedad crónica y 14 alguno de sus determinantes. El 100% analizaba sistemáticamente la información procedente de la vigilancia de las enfermedades transmisibles. Hay margen de mejora para la vigilancia de la salud pública en España. La acción debe ir dirigida a los principales problemas de salud (AU)

In 2014, the Epidemiological Surveillance Working Group of the Sociedad Española de Epidemiología (Spanish Society of Epidemiology), carried out a descriptive study in order to evaluate the level of development of the Spanish Public Health Law since its enactment in 2011. A survey collecting data on the existence of information systems and other aspects pertaining to each surveillance section included in the law was sent to all 19 autonomous communities and cities. All regional authorities reported the presence of an information system for communicable diseases, and six also reported an information system for social factors. 18 reported that at least one chronic disease was subject to surveillance and 14 confirmed surveillance of some of its determinants. They all systematically analysed the data derived from the communicable diseases. There is room for improvement in Public Health surveillance in Spain, and action should be aimed at the main health problems (AU)

[Surveillance in Spain 3 years since the enactment of the Public Health Law]. / La vigilancia en España 3 años después de la entrada en vigor de la Ley General de Salud Pública.

In 2014, the Epidemiological Surveillance Working Group of the Sociedad Española de Epidemiología (Spanish Society of Epidemiology), carried out a descriptive study in order to evaluate the level of development of the Spanish Public Health Law since its enactment in 2011. A survey collecting data on the existence of information systems and other aspects pertaining to each surveillance section included in the law was sent to all 19 autonomous communities and cities. All regional authorities reported the presence of an information system for communicable diseases, and six also reported an information system for social factors. 18 reported that at least one chronic disease was subject to surveillance and 14 confirmed surveillance of some of its determinants. They all systematically analysed the data derived from the communicable diseases. There is room for improvement in Public Health surveillance in Spain, and action should be aimed at the main health problems.

Properties of Non-Structural Concrete Made with Mixed Recycled Aggregates and Low Cement Content.

In spite of not being legally accepted in most countries, mixed recycled aggregates (MRA) could be a suitable raw material for concrete manufacturing. The aims of this research were as follows: (i) to analyze the effect of the replacement ratio of natural coarse aggregates with MRA, the amount of ceramic particles in MRA, and the amount of cement, on the mechanical and physical properties of a non-structural concrete made with a low cement content; and (ii) to verify if it is possible to achieve a low-strength concrete that replaces a greater amount of natural aggregate with MRA and that has a low cement content. Two series of concrete mixes were manufactured using 180 and 200 kg/m³ of CEM II/A-V 42.5 R type Portland cement. Each series included seven concrete mixes: one with natural aggregates; two MRA with different ceramic particle contents; and one for each coarse aggregate replacement ratio (20%, 40%, and 100%). To study their properties, compressive and splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, density, porosity, water penetration, and sorptivity, tests were performed. The results confirmed that the main factors affecting the properties analyzed in this research are the amount of cement and the replacement ratio; the two MRAs used in this work presented a similar influence on the properties. A non-structural, low-strength concrete (15 MPa) with an MRA replacement ratio of up to 100% for 200 kg/m³ of cement was obtained. This type of concrete could be applied in the construction of ditches, sidewalks, and other similar civil works.

Mercury leaching from hazardous industrial wastes stabilized by sulfur polymer encapsulation.

European Directive 2013/39/EU records mercury as a priority hazardous substance. Regulation n° 2008/1102/EC banned the exportation of mercury and required the safe storage of any remaining mercury compounds. The present work describes the encapsulation of three wastes containing combinations of HgS, HgSe, HgCl2, HgO2, Hg3Se2Cl2, HgO and Hg(0), according to patent of Spanish National Research Council WO2011/029970A2. The materials obtained were subjected to leaching tests according to standards UNE-EN-12457 and CEN/TS 14405:2004. The results are compared with the criteria established in the Council Decision 2003/33/EC for the acceptance of waste at landfills. The Hg concentrations of all leachates were <0.01mgHg/kg for a liquid/solid ratio of 10l/kg. All three encapsulated materials therefore meet the requirements for storage in inert waste landfills.